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30. What is an action class?
Answer:
The simplest and most obvious way to specify an action in C++ is to write a function. However, if the action has to be delayed, has to be transmitted ‘elsewhere’ before being performed, requires its own data, has to be combined with other actions, etc then it often becomes [...]

146)

main()
{
static int a[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int i,j;
static *p[]={a,a+1,a+2};
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",*(*(p+i)+j),
*(*(j+p)+i),*(*(i+p)+j),*(*(p+j)+i));
}
}

Answer:
1 1 1 1
2 4 2 4
3 7 [...]

All the programs are tested under Turbo C/C++ compilers.
It is assumed that,

Programs run under DOS environment,
The underlying machine is an x86 system,
Program is compiled using Turbo C/C++ compiler.

The program output may depend on the information based on this assumptions (for example sizeof(int) == 2 may be assumed).
Predict the output or error(s) for the following:
1.

[...]

1. What does static variable mean?
2. What is a pointer?
3. What is a structure?
4. What are the differences between structures and arrays?
5. In header files whether functions are declared or defined?
6. What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()?
7. What are macros? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
8. Difference between pass by reference and pass [...]